Medieval Indian History

In 1669-70, the Jats of Mathura region rose under the leadership of a local Zamindar Gokul. Religion was the main factor behind this revolt because Abdul Nabi, a local officer of imperial Mughal government, had destroyed the temples of Hindus and disrespected their women.

We note here that Jat uprising occurred at a time Mughal government was by no means weak or imbecile. The Mughal army pursued the Jats and the leader Gokul was captured and executed. However, the rebel did not subdue completely. Taking advantage of the civil war amongst the sons of Shahjahan, the Jats again rose in arms and this rebellion finally culminated in the establishment of sovereign Jat Kingdom under Raja Surajmal with Bharatpur it’s capital.

Satavahana kings are noted for issuing bilingual coins featuring Middle Indo-Aryan language on one side, and Tamil language on the other side.

There are two versions of the origin of this diamond. The first version is that it was mined in the 13th century in Kakatiya Territories {near Guntur in modern Andhra Pradesh}.  It was under the possessions of Kakatiya Rulers until Malik Kafur, the general of Alauddin Khilji raided Warangal and possibly acquired this gem. It remained with Khiljis and then passed on to several Delhi Sultanate dynasties until it came into possession of Babur and successive Mughals.
Another version says that it was discovered in the 1650s in the diamond mines of Golkonda and was presented by Mir Jumla to Shah Jahan, who got it embedded into the peacock throne.

In 1579, Mahzar Nama was declared by which the emperor declared that if there were conflicts in the views of the debaters, he was entitled to choose any of the interpretations.
With the Mahzar Nama, Akbar pounced upon the dominance of the intolerant orthodox and allowed free development of a genuinely religious spirit. Mahzar Nama was actually an idea of the father of Abul Fazal and Faizi, set that the authority of the King was higher than that of a Mujtahid (doctor of the faith) and if there is a variance, the emperor’s decision should be binding on the Muslims of India. With this edict, Akbar’s judgment was set above every legal and religious authority, so it was the promulgation of the doctrine of Imperial infallibility.

Alauddin Khilji was a militarist and imperialist to the core. He was very ambitious. Alauddin, whose original name was Ali Gurshap, assumed the title Sikandar-i-Sani (Alexander the Second) and proclaimed Delhi as Dar-ul-Khilafa (Seat of the Caliphate).